The Breaking Of Barriers By Elisabeth Israels Perry

The Americas Dashawn Austin The Breaking of Barriers Women were such central forces in the progressive era and the increase of social cohesion mainly because they were everywhere. They were really dedicated when it came to their jobs, at home, and in their community. Whether them working as domestic workers, in farms, at a factory, or studying at school, women were basically in all areas that required labor intensive skills. They held jobs in manufacturing, offices, classrooms, and stores.Women were also known as strong, central forces in society because of their hard work and determination. They refused to be of little significance to society and wanted to assist in improving and reforming American life. Even though women have been†¦show more content†¦But, sometimes breaking stereotypes only lead to more barriers being made, making it harder for these women to overcome them, however they did. A barrier seen through the Progressive Era was Gender Equality and Power. A woman s treatment before that time, according to the magaz ine article â€Å"Woman’s Home Companion† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, was identical to slaves. The women of the late 19th century to the early 20h century had, â€Å"... not only no voice in the management of the country, but she had no control of her property, earned or inherited;no control of her own children; no control of even her own person...† Gilman even goes further saying, â€Å"If that is not a condition of slavery, it bears a close resemblance to it.† Indeed it does. It is shown that these women were being restricted of their natural human rights, trapped and maybe even confined in the shadow and power of men. But, this does not last very long. These women become bold and outspoken and lead a revolt that will change America forever. They will lead the Woman Suffrage Movement. The barrier of power is now broken. It is the Progressive Era and women are no longer backing down.They have dramatically changed and are no longer sitting down and letti ng men or society have power over them. They have taken charge and have started the woman suffrage movement. This Movement was very necessary and many believed so, it is seen in â€Å"Fourteen Reasons for Supporting Women s

College Education Is Not Granted For Everyone - 1461 Words

Monica Sanad Professor Benjamin Bever English 112 26 April 2016 XX TITLE XX In retrospect, college education, in the old days, has been a privilege that was not granted for everyone. Unfortunately, this was a detriment likely to be caused by the inequality at race, gender or wealth. However, as humans have evolved beyond such inane, discriminatory issues, more people were able to go to college and earn a degree for a living, thus improving their quality of life and acting as a driving force to the wheel of the economy. There was no room for regress in education, only evolving could occur. Colleges became ubiquitous and granted education for more students, despise their gender or race. Nowadays, applications are done online and communication between colleges and applicants is corroborated through the use of e-mails, fax and telephones. In the light of the incessantly rising the economy and population, newer jobs are available on the market, but these jobs come along with requirements that are more competitive than before and, sometimes, even fierce. Unlike the old days, most jobs now require applicant to obtain at least a bachelor’s degree in order to be considered. To employers and business owners, a college degree along with experience, became a crucial requirement: a tenet that guides them during hunting for new employees. Even though it is the 21st century, we still have unfair distribution of wealth, which means that not all people could afford attending fancy 4-yearShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits Of A College Education1032 Words   |  5 PagesA college education has become a necessity in today’s society. Students all around the country are putting so much effort into getting perfect grades. Trying to finance every students education has become difficult. 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Policies & Procedures to Promote the behviour of childern & Yound Peop

Questions: 1.1 Summarise the policies and procedures of the setting relevant to promoting children and young peoples positive behaviour 1.2 Evaluate how the policies and procedures of the setting support children and young people to: a) feel safe 1.2 Evaluate how the policies and procedures of the setting support children and young people to: b) make a positive contribution 1.2 Evaluate how the policies and procedures of the setting support children and young people to: c) develop social and emotional skills 1.2 Evaluate how the policies and procedures of the setting support children and young people to: d) understand expectations and limits 1.3 Explain the benefits of all staff consistently and fairly applying boundaries and rules for children and young peoples behaviour in accordance with the policies and procedures of the setting 2.1 Explain the benefits of actively promoting positive aspects of behaviour 3.5 Explain the sorts of behaviour or discipline problems that should be referred to others and to whom these should be referred 4.1 Recognise patterns and triggers which may lead to inappropriate behavioural responses and take action to pre-empt, divert or diffuse potential flash points. Answers: 1.1 Summarise the policies and procedures of the setting relevant to promoting children and young peoples positive behaviour ? The policies and procedures of setting relevant for promoting children and young peoples positive behavior are as follows: Behavior policy: It tells the guidelines on how the behavior of the pupils has to be managed. Code of conduct: It is a set of rules that the peoples should follow and how they should behave. Children are to be advised to strictly follow it (Angela et al, 2007). Rewarding: Acknowledging and rewardingchildren for their positive behavior helps to maintain the decorum. Punishment: punishingthe children for inappropriate behavior and charging a fine for the adults wrong behavior. Attendance: Making a rule that proper attendance is necessary for the institution or any setting helps in building up a positive lifestyle. Dealing with conflict and inappropriate behaviour: It would tell on how to handle the more difficult behaviors (Scott et al, 2008). Itis also important that pupils understand the behaviour policy of the setting so that they have a clear idea of how bad behaviour will be dealt with if they choose to go against rule or behave in an inappropriate manner. 1.2 Evaluate how the policies and procedures of the setting support children and young people to: a) feel safe: The policies are kept keeping the view that every single individual and child respected, considered equal and a friendly environment is made so as to make them feel safe. Punishment and no acceptance to wrong behavior also helps the people and the children to feel safe in the setting (Tincani, 2007). b) make a positive contribution: Rewarding and acknowledging the people and the children for their positive behavior is what makes a positive mind set and encourage the individuals to do more good deeds. c) develop social and emotional skills: Following up the behavioral guidelines and a code of conduct among everyone helps to develop the social skills by increasing positive communication (Walker et al, 2005). Attaining respect and encouragement from others and the settings helps in attaching emotionally with the environment and the people (Cancio Johnson, 2007). d) understand expectations and limits: The behavioral policy and the code of conduct explains the children and the people the fact that what quality of behavior is expected from them and also help them to understand their limits. It also tells what is allowed and what is not allowed and also the difference between right and wrong deeds and behaviour. 1.3 Explain the benefits of all staff consistently and fairly applying boundaries and rules for children and young peoples behaviour in accordance with the policies and procedures of the setting The benefits of all staff consistently and fairly applying boundaries and rules for children and young peoples behaviour in accordance with the policies and procedures of the setting are as follows: A peaceful and healthy environment encourages the staff to maintain the decorum of the setting and encourages children to follow them (Hawken Johnston, 2009). Sincerity and obedience among the children benefits the staff as they dont have to be after the children for everything (Sugai et al, 2000). No conflicts and no wrong behaviours are encouraged so the staff does not have to deal up with bad behaviors like mood swings. Positive behavior among the children helps the staff to be in the setting for a long time with a peace of mind. 2.1 Explain the benefits of actively promoting positive aspects of behaviour Positive behavior is linked to giving resect to others. The benefits is that it teaches to have a self control on oneself and to consider the feelings of others. It tells what kind of behavior is required by others and what kind of behavior is acceptable. It also tells how to build up positive social relationship with others by behaving appropriately. Positive behavior heals an individual to learn the basic principles of humanity. At the same side the positive behavior is continued among the children when they are awarded and praised in front of their friends and public (Stewart et al, 2005). Some more features of promoting positive behavior is that it also develops a sense of warmth, love and emotions between the individuals. If a child or an individual behaves in a positive way to others than the bond and attachment relation develops on its own between them. The benefit of positive behavior also lie in the fact it helps to know about ones expectation and limits and others too. The person who has a positive behavior benefits as the hope in them never dies so chances of success are even more. The individuals are also loved and resected by everyone in the society does development of a good self image is also an advantage (Koegal et al, 2011). 3.5 Explain the sorts of behaviour or discipline problems that should be referred to others and to whom these should be referred There are situations when the children do not show a positive behavior. There can be number of reasons for this like sometimes they are just trying to test of their limits. But on the same side it is the staffs duty to recognize the when the child is in need to be referred. The signs show that there is a need of extra support or not. The type of behaviors that are to be referred to others are as follows: When the child do any danger to himself or others. When the staff is itself dealing with a personal problem. When the situations are uncontrollable and the child is not at all listening. When an incident is serious enough to warrant the involvement of a senior member of staff. The situations decide what kind of referral is to be used and when (Tobin Sugai, 2005). The referral can be as support from another staff member. In some cases special support is required like a support of a supervisor, support from the staff who has already dealt with the same issue, a support from a senior management team if the situation is intolerable and cannot be controlled up in any way. In some situation parent support and guidance can also be required so as to promote positive behavior in the child at all times. 4.1 Recognise patterns and triggers which may lead to inappropriate behavioural responses and take action to pre-empt, divert or diffuse potential flash points Observation is the first thing that helps in recognizing the inappropriate behavioral responses. Like for example noticing any abnormal behavior with friends, not paying attention in studies or not interested to play out. These are some of the signs that tells the child is not behaving in a proper way. Observing the signs and the reason behind the abnormal behavior is also very important. For example if a child is fighting than what happened jus before that which has lead the child to behave in appropriately. In case of small kids diverting their minds is of most help. If a small kid is not behaving appropriately than diverting him/her in some other activity diverts their mind and they forget about the way they were behaving. In kids who are little grown ups sharing their feelings and guiding them towards the solution is what that helps to abolish inappropriate behaviors. Cueing: Cueing is a common behavior management technique. Choose one specific trigger to work on and then come up with some kind of hand signal or phrase that will serve as an alert to the child that the trigger is present. This allows you to make the child aware of the trigger subtly in social situations. Once you have alerted him, hell have the chance to self-correct, or in other words, respond using the new plan you came up with, with minimal help from you. Cueing works at home as well (Rhodges et al, 2011). References Angela Waguespack, Terrence Vaccaro Lauren Continere (2006). Functional Behavioral Assessment and Intervention with Emotional/Behaviorally Disordered Students: In Pursuit of State of the Art. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 2 (4), 463474. [1 Cancio, E. Johnson, J.W. (2007). Level Systems Revisited: An Impact Tool For Educating Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 3 (4), 512527 Hawken, L.S. and Johnston, S.J. (2008). Preventing Severe Problem Behavior in Young Children: The Behavior Education Program. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 4 (3), 599613. Koegel, L. K., Koegel, R. L. Dunlap, G.(2011) (Eds.), Positive Behavioral support: Including people with difficult behavior in the community (pp. 381-402). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Rhodes, Virginia; Stevens, Douglas and Hemmings, Annette (15 April 2011). "Creating Positive Culture in a New Urban High School". High School Journal. Spring 2011 94 (3): 8294. Stewart, R.M., Martella, R.C. Marchand-Martella, N.E. Benner, G.J. (2005). Three-Tier Models of Reading and Behavior. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 2 (3), 115124 Sugai, G., Horner, R. H., Dunlap, G., Hieneman, M., Lewis, T. J., Nelson, C. M., Scott, Liaupsin, C., Sailor, W., Turnbull, A. P., Turnbull, H. R., Wickham, D., Wilcox, B., Ruef, M. (2000). Applying positive behavioral support and functional behavioral assessment in schools. Journal of Positive Behavioral Interventions, 2, 131-143. Tincani, M. (2007). Moving forward: Positive behavior support and applied behavior analysis. The Behavior Analyst Today, 8, 492499 Tobin, T.J. and Sugai, G. (2005). Preventing Problem Behaviors: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Level Prevention Interventions for Young Children. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 2 (3), 125144 Walker, B., Cheney, D., Stage, S., Blum, C. (2005).Schoolwide screening and positive behavior support: Identifying and supporting students at risk of school failure. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 7, 194-204

Wuthering Heights - Setting Essays - British Films,

Wuthering Heights - Setting Like the world of Transylvania, the Gothic setting in Wuthering Heights suggests a wild and primitive landscape unconstrained by Orthodox norms. The reader is first introduced to Wuthering Heights, the house and its surroundings, as it appears to the middle class, Mr. Lockwood, on a stormy night. Thus, Lockwood serves the same role and Jonathan Harker as he is the bridge between the world of 19th century normal realities and the primeval world of Wuthering Heights. Just as Mr. Harker characterizes his trip to Transylvania as a journey between two atmospheres, entering the "thunderous one", Mr. Lockwood too is introduced to Wuthering Heights on a stormy night, a foreshadowing of the darkness to come. Mr. Lockwood has an arrangement to meet with his neighboring tenant, Mr. Heathcliff and after walking four miles in the snow, he reaches the Heights to find the gate closed. He stands "on that bleak hilltop [where] the earth was hard with a black frost, and the air made [him] shiver throu gh every limb." (WH-p.29) In fact, the word "Wuthering, being a significant provincial adjective, [is] descriptive of the atmospheric tumult to which its station is exposed to stormy weather," (WH-p.25) thus emphasizing the darkness and cruelty in nature. As in Dracula, the storm is a presence of sin and unnatural desires. After ejaculating that his "wretched inmates deserv[ed] perpetual isolation from [their] species of churlish inhospitality," (WH-p.29) for leaving the gate locked during a storm, Mr. Lockwood is let inside, by a woman whom he thinks is Mrs. Heathcliff. His experience here within this Gothic house in quite unpleasant, paralleling Harker's in the Count's dark castle. While waiting for Heathcliff in silence he notices how the women "kept her eyes on [him], in a cool regardless manner, exceedingly embarrassing and disagreeable." (WH-p.30) The arrival of Heathcliff "relieved" (WH-p.32) Mr. Lockwood momentarily, yet soon he became uneased by Heathcliff's "tone in which the words said revealed a genuine bad nature." (WH-p.32) Neither of the hostesses demonstrated much acknowledgment of their guests' presence, so Mr. Lockwood "began to feel unmistakably out of place in that pleasant family circle [and] the dismal spiritual atmosphere overcame [him]." (WH-p.34) He becomes slowly submerged in a dark setting, in which he feels uncomfortable and even frightened, as Harker's fears first "seem to have [been] dissipated" (D-p.19) by the Count's hospitality, but then he finds himself "all in a sea of wonder" (D-p.19) and a "veritable prisoner". (D-p.13) Like Jonathan, Lockwood seems to be a "prisoner" since he becomes stranded at Wuthering Heights by the snow storm. However, when Heathcliff refuses to allow Lockwood to stay the night, he runs outside into the snow storm attempting to go home. "It was so dark that [he] could not see the means of exit." (WH-p.36) Attempting to stop Lockwood, Heathcliff set two dogs on him, and he us thrown to the ground. The means with which Heathcliff attempts to stop Lockwood is barbaric, suggesting that Mr. Lockwood is a prisoner in a jail attempting to escape. The presence of an animal in the Gothic setting parallels the experience of Mr. Harker during his time at the castle. The ferocious dogs attacking Mr. Lockwood invoke fear and thwarted Lockwood from leaving, just as the howling wolves threatened to destroy Jonathan's life should he try to exit Castle Dracula. In a dizzy and faint state, Lockwood is taken to a room in which the master "never lets anybody lodge," (WH-p.37) a fact which increases the Gothic suspense of the setting. Like Harker, Lockwood experiences a dream emerging and reflecting the dark setting. Harker's dream manifests his Victorian repressions by "revealing the intensity of the emotion he generally denies or represses?but the specific nature of those emotions is also important."28 In this first dream, Lockwood is trying to get home but Joseph, a servant of Wuthering Heights w arns him he will not be able to get home without a pilgrim's staff. He realizes that, instead, he and Joseph are going to a chapel to see Reverend Jabes Branderham's sermon, because "either Joseph, the preacher, or I had committed the 'First [sin] of the Seventy-First, and were to be publicly exposed and excommunicated." (WH-p.40) This dream

Predicting the Presidential Election with Baseball

Predicting the Presidential Election with Baseball Can the winner of the World Series predict who will become President of the United States? If the American League wins, will that mean a win for the Republican candidate? If the National League wins, does that mean a Democratic president for the next four years? A 24-Year Hot Streak Up until  the 1980 presidential election, it appeared that the World Series was an accurate predictor of the presidential race. From 1952 to 1976, whenever the  American League won the World Series, the President to win in that years election was a Republican. If the National League won, then the election went to the Democrat. However,  the Series hot streak ended with the 1980 election. That year, the Philadelphia Phillies, a National League team, won the Series and Ronald Reagan, a Republican, won the White House. Since then, the World Series has accurately predicted the presidential race 5 out of 9 times, giving is a batting average of 0.555 (or round it up to 0.556, if you must). Thats a very good average for baseball but otherwise is not much  better than flipping a coin. Seven-Game Sage The Series is a better predictor of presidents when it goes to seven games. In all of the following election years, the Series got it right. If an American League (AL) team won, so did the Republicans; if a National League (NL) team won, the next president was a Democrat. And the winners were... 1924: Washington Senators (AL) and Calvin Coolidge (R)1940: Cincinnati Reds (NL) and Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)1952 and 1956: New York Yankees (AL) and Dwight Eisenhower (R)1960: Pittsburgh Pirates (NL) and John F. Kennedy (D)1964: St. Louis Cardinals (NL) and Lyndon Johnson (D)1968 and 1972: Detroit Tigers (AL) and Richard Nixon (R) Another (Brief) Streak The Series got hot again in 2000 and accurately predicted the next four presidents, starting with George W. Bush. Actually, it was only two presidentsBush and Obama, both of whom won reelectionbut you cant fault the Series for that. In 2016, it was almost too close to call. The Cubs (National League) won, but so did Trump (Republican). Maybe the Series was banking on the popular vote, which was won by Democrat Hilary Clinton. Darn that electoral college! Other Sure Things? Many Americans swear by patterns and coincidences to help them predict presidential elections. Other examples of predictors from past and present years include the following: If the Washington Redskins win the week of the election, this means a win for the incumbent party. This has held true since 1936.Whichever candidates likeness is on the halloween mask that sells the most will be the next president.  When companies produce competing products, the one that sells the most is supposed to predict the winner. For example, if a company has cups with images of the Republican and Democratic candidates, the one that  outsells the other would be a predictor.If the Dow Jones Average goes up between  August and October, this predicts a win for the incumbent.If the Los Angeles Lakers win the the championship, then the Republican candidate will win. Obviously some of these predictors have a greater basis in reality than others. While most people would say that the Lakers or the Redskins winning is more chance than anything else, the state of the economy does have a huge impact on the presidential election. After all of these predictors, are we any closer to knowing who will win the next presidential election? The answer, of course, is no. However, one thing is fairly certain: to cover their bets, it is more than likely that the Republican candidate will be rooting for the American League team and the Democratic candidate will be cheering on the National League team when the first pitch is thrown in the 2020  World Series.

Porters Five Forces Explained

Porters Five Forces Explained To describe a competitive environment in a business sphere specialists use Porters five forces analysis. Read what it is, its advantages and disadvantages. Porter’s Five Forces is a fundamental framework that describes the competitive environment. Which competitive environment? Actually, all of them. The basic simplicity of the Five Forces Analysis is what makes it so useful, and why it has become a staple of business and management studies over the past 30 years. If done properly, the Five Forces Analysis can accurately describe any competitive environment at any level. This article about Management/Economics was written by one of our expert writers. If you are looking for an article on Management, Marketing or Economics, is your best bet. Order now and our professionals will write the article you need in accordance with all your requirements. You may like:  Currency Exchange Rate Management and Speculation  |  Management Essay Writing What Are the Five Forces? The visual representation of the Five Forces is most likely familiar to most management students.The degree of competition in a particular market or industry is determined by four primary forces, which are described in relative terms such as strong or weak, or low-medium-high. One thing that may be misleading about the Five Forces framework is that in its familiar form as shown here, it gives the impression that the four forces that affect the intensity of competition act separately when in fact they are all interconnected in sometimes complex ways. In fact, the intensity of competition itself has an effect on the strength of the four forces that define it, which is why the analysis is called the Five Forces. Defining the Five Forces The easiest way to understand what each of the Five Forces is describing is to think of them in the simple context of what would make each of them â€Å"strong† or â€Å"weak†: Factors Contributing to Strength Factors Contributing to Weakness Power of Buyers Fewer buyers Few buyers who purchase a large part of the firm’s output Buyers can easily switch to different product Many buyers Buyers do not have great influence on product or price Buyers cannot easily switch to different product Power of Suppliers Fewer suppliers High cost to change suppliers Strength of buyers can increase power of suppliers over distributors Product is very common or standardized Low cost to change suppliers Weak buyers can decrease power of suppliers over distributors Threat of Substitutions Product is a commodity Weak brand loyalty Few suppliers Product is unique or specialized Strong brand loyalty Many suppliers Threat of New Entrants Common technology Weak brand strength Distribution channels are easily accessible Difficult or proprietary technology required Strong existing brand identification High scale needed Intensity of Competition High costs to exit the industry or market High fixed costs Strong brands Low exit costs Low capital investment or fixed costs Weak brands   These factors are simple examples and are certainly not the only ones that play a role, but should illustrate, at least, how the strengths and weaknesses can affect one another. Application of the Five Forces Analysis The Five Forces analysis is most often used as a tool for external, i.e., third-party analysis of a competitive environment, which is not surprising as it was developed from a thoroughly academic perspective – Michael Porter first devised the Five Forces analysis during his work at the Harvard Business School in the early 1980’s, and despite his characterizing it as a â€Å"strategic management tool†, the methodology has never quite shaken off its textbook charm. In actual practice, the Five Forces analysis is too basic for use as a strategic planning aid for established companies; to put it rather indelicately, if a company is lacking the information a Five Forces analysis provides about its current industry or market, the company probably has more problems than can be solved by the analysis. The Five Forces analysis is, however, a very good assessment to conduct when considering entry into a new market, and is usually included in properly-written business cases . Shortcomings of the Five Forces Analysis The most important thing missing from the Five Forces analysis is any sort of internal perspective, which other assessment tools such as the SWOT analysis do take into consideration. That is not necessarily an oversight – Professor Porter’s focus was on the competitive environment, and from that perspective the Five Forces analysis is set in the proper context – but one criticism that has sometimes been raised in the years since it was first developed is that the Five Forces analysis provides only vague and weak links between the external and internal environments. That can be a problem because the internal environment and activities of the firm do have an impact on competitive forces; without the use of a complementary analysis tool, the Five Forces analysis by itself does not identify or assess what that impact may be. Another potential difficulty in making productive use of the Five Forces analysis is that its conclusions are qualitative; the strength of the various forces can only be described in a relative way, and are subject to interpretation. For example, a relationship between an auto manufacturer and a tire maker that supplies the tires for all the automaker’s new cars could be described in a couple different ways in a Five Forces analysis: The power of the buyer (the automaker) could be described as high because it purchases a large part of the tire manufacturer’s output. The power of the supplier (the tire maker) could alternatively be described as high, depending on how specialized their tire is. The power of both the supplier and buyer could be affected one way or the other by the brand loyalty of consumers to the tire brand or the auto marque. For the student researcher or market analyst, then, the challenge is to fully investigate the underlying conditions that make a particular force â€Å"strong† or â€Å"weak†, and justify a conclusion that does not contradict a conclusion about one or more of the other forces. On the other hand, when one of these contradictions cannot be resolved even after a thorough investigation and analysis, it reveals a critical issue for the firm or market in question, and this can be an opportunity – for the academic researcher, it is likely that the problem will be a solid new area for study, and for businesses, it is likely a problem whose solution will give them a strong competitive advantage. If you need to analyze a scientific work in greater detail contact our writing department to avoid confusion and save your time. If you need an essay or research on the similar topics place an order.

Herbicide X Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Herbicide X - Case Study Example The results ultimately proved that the level of concentration is enough to cause cancer to the rats. The same concentration of Herbicide X is being used by farmers to control the weed as this is highly effective. In view of this, Herbicide X poses extreme threat to the humans as it is used in the same dosages as found to have affecting rats. Herbicide X is sprayed in the farms twice, once in the spring and the second time in fall. This means that farmers are exposed to the Herbicide X twice in a year that increases the health risk associated with this pesticide. It is quite scientific to assess the risk of any hazardous chemical first on animals such as monkeys, rats, cows. It is certified and confirmed by several peer-reviewed studies that Herbicide X is toxic in the given dosages and cause deadly disease like cancer. It is quite appropriate to conclude that it indeed poses a threat to the human life too, especially when humans are exposed twice in a year with the same level of concentration that affected rats. Moreover, it has also been found that Herbicide X remains in the environment for at least 3 months before it disintegrates into harmless substances; it is slow in biodegradation and not eco

Reflective paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Reflective paper - Essay Example My view on organizational atmosphere of participation has also changed and I now see them as supportive and open to participate in community development. The concept of community has nurtured self determination and community mobilization in me. This has enabled me to gain influence and control and partners and a player in community action and decision making. By participating in community development, one can weigh on the costs involved and know if the activity is viable. With the knowledge of cost in mind, one can use it in the development of appropriate incentives. The community concept has sharpened my relation skills and I can now easily interact with members of the community which has made me have a broader knowledge of my environment. As a facilitator, I have been in a position to guide and model dialogue processes proving information when needed and intervene in case of breakdown in the process of communication. Besides, I have learnt not to be neutral and engage myself fully in processes of dialogue. Such facilitation catalyzes community participation and engagement (Butcher et.al, pp58) The community development and community practices have always been at the core of social work concept in towns. The reasons why community in social work is important are: community work aims at uniting people who were previously not organized into coalitions and effective groups that work as a group with an aim of pursuing a common social agenda, secondly, community work aims at strengthening traditional neighborhood, kinship and friendship ties and developing new structures in the society which are important for the daily operation of a society and lastly, community based activities provides the best structure that is efficient and cost effective for the service of the poor (Butcher et al, 1994) Community is very crucial in social work because the community is their objective. Social work

Thematic Art Review (Formalist) Essay Example for Free

Thematic Art Review (Formalist) Essay Visual arts which make use of unusual media and technique, such as collage or origami, tend to   both benefit from and be challenged by the medium and technique involved. A viewer is apt to react first to the medium and technique and perhaps, because of this, thematic or expressive ideas may be perceived as secondary to the impact of a given work. However, by contemplating given works, such as the   Origami NOW! collection of works at PEM, from a   more deeply considered point of view, the thematic and expressive elements of the work begins to overshadow the once-dominant aspects of medium and technique.    Finally,the alert viewer will realize that, in fact, a harmony of technique nd expression, media and idea has been reached in the most capably articulated works, while in less-capable works, a lack of balance restricts the viewer to a predominantly technical appreciation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For example, a piece from the Origami NOW! exhibition such as Eric Joisels Pangolin   is very effective at eliciting a response of admiration and even surprise of wonder at the technique involved in sculpting (or more properly: folding) paper into the shape of a convincingly realistic animal form which suggests an armadillo. On the other hand, although the animal offers a meaningful gesture, as though it is eating or drinking, the overall impact of the piece fails to gain any truly expressive or meaningful energy. It is simply a technically admirable piece.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By contrast, Joel Coopers Gemini, is a deeply expressive piece which evokes stone relief carvings in origami. The faces are, themselves, primitive and expressive, but the thematic impact of the piece is much deeper than the surface level facial expression of the pieces central figures. The piece derives important impact from its sub-text of transference: ancient stone to ephemeral paper, which makes a statement about human civilization and history and the ephemerality of human monuments, and arty itself, while simultaneously elevating the ephemerality of the medium and technique (origami) to a sympathetic relationship to ancient art and antiquity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yet another piece, Spike Sphere, by   Thomas Hull, straddles the line between expressiveness and technical precision without ever falling precisely on one side or another. In effect, Hulls piece is the most harmonious of those examples of origami on exhibition at PEM. The overt impact of Hulls piece is that of geometrical expressionism, using a complex geometrical shape to express theme. In my opinion, Hulls Spike Sphere is meant to represent no less than the entire human cosmos in a single figure of origami. I said human because the piece reflects a particularly human concept of wholeness as in other geometrical abstractions: globes, the atom, stars, galaxies and even some scientific models of the multi-verse.     Hulls figure is spherical and colored like a budding flower, but spiked suggesting pain, danger, emotional response. This precise configuration of human emotion and abstract form, coupled with organic coloring and an holistic gesture elevates Hulls piece to the highest levels. This work is a masterpiece which reveals the origami, as a medium, embodies much more than the stunned admiration for technique and cleverness associated with folding paper creatively and expressively.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The impact of placing such a diverse collection of works that all make use of a similar medium and technique shoulder to shoulder in an exhibition   like the Origami NOW! exhibition is to invite the viewer to explore the full range of capacities that a medium and technique have to offer. From simple constructs which showcase technique over thematic expression to thematic all driven pieces which test the boundaries of the associated techniques and medium, the   Origami NOW! exhibition is superbly put together and dynamically stimulating for those viewers patient and perceptive enough to gauge the full impact of these   richly imaginative works.

Free College Admissions Essays: We Must All Be Part of the Solution! :: College Admissions Essays

We Must All Be Part of the Solution! Â   Sara had always been my best friend. It didn't matter that she was different. We had fun together. Then we started middle school and our whole world was flipped upside down. Â   Sara and I were thrown into a larger school with more people than we had ever seen at one school at the same time. After a few fear-filled weeks, I became comfortable in my new surroundings and was doing well. I wish I could say the same for Sara. I didn't understand why she was having so much trouble. All the work we did was no harder than the things we had done in grammar school. The only real difference was how the material was presented to us, and I didn't see how that could affect her learning. Â   I was worried about Sara; she was getting teased a lot and always appeared so sad. She told me that she had a problem that she was working on with her guidance counselor. Sara asked if I would go with her to the guidance counselor. I went to see Mrs. Vance with Sara. Mrs. Vance told us that Sara's evaluation revealed a language disorder. Â   Sara had an impairment in the ability to use words. Mrs. Vance said that when Sara read, she understood what the words meant. When speaking or writing, however, her words didn't always come out the way she meant them to. That explained why Sara got the answers wrong to questions she knew. Â   I found out that 1 out of every 10 children in America have language disorders. These problems may mildly, moderately, or severely impair the learning process. Students with these kinds of learning disabilities may exhibit a wide range of traits, including problems with reading comprehension, spoken language and writing. These problems are not the result of a lack of intelligence, rather they are resultant from an obstacle to communication of ideas. Â   After our meeting, I sat down to talk with Sara. At first she was embarrassed, but after a few minutes I got her to talk. We spoke about her disability, study solutions, and ways to help her do better in school. I offered to help her in any way that I could. We started studying together. I read aloud to her and wrote in large, dark print.

Compare and Contrast the “White Public Opinion” Essay

Public opinion is simply the complex of preferences expressed by a significant number of persons on an issue of general importance. Blacks were included in national polls and surveys in numbers reflecting their proportion of the population, but typically these surveys yielded too few respondents to produce valid and reliable findings or to explore opinion differences internal to the black community in terms of such things as gender, class, age or region. Black opinion was seen as a mere derivative, secondary and less important compared to white opinion. Research shows that White Americans are not racist in the old fashioned way; instead they resent or are hostile to blacks because of the whites’ commitment to basic or core American values, particularly individualism. White Americans resist equality in the name of self-reliance, achievement, individual initiative and they do so not merely because the value of individualism provides a socially acceptable pretext but because it provides an integral component of the new racism. It’s a perceived belief that whites are more intelligent and better than blacks, but the problems facing the black community have been ignored, because they feel like the black community is inferior and don’t have anything better to do. So therefore they refuse blacks the resources they need for a good foundation, like education, jobs and so on. The pervasive and deep sense of alienation from and distrust of the American government as well as the deep racial divide between blacks and whites was reflected in public opinion on hurricane Katrina. There is a lack of attention and urgency in handling the problems which are facing the black community, both in the past and present. Another powerful function of the press was to attack and remake the stereotypes and negative characterizations that the white press visited on the community. They see the issues affecting the black community and use it to pass negative comments and judgments against them, Instead of addressing the situation and seeking amends. The mainstream or white media tend to ignore the internal life of the black community, thus the black media serve as a vehicle of intragroup communication and solidarity. The mainstream or mass media gathers and reports news of interest to the mass public, which are mostly middle class whites. Since the 1950’s, content analysis of the mass media has consistently shown that the routine, day-to-day coverage of African Americans is predominantly negative and stereotypical; blacks are portrayed as poor or criminal and they are shown as entertainers or athletes. The fact is that, black Americans have being fighting for equal rights and opportunities for some time, but discrimination against minorities still exist. We have to keep fighting for any changes we want done in our community and take it upon ourselves to transform some of those issues, because the mass media focus on the problems facing the majority of the American problems in the white community.

Todays Highly Competitive Business Environment Commerce Essay

In todays extremely competitory concern environment, there are a batch of companies that are viing with each other for concern and besides these companies have to be cognizant every now and so of a new market participant emerging with new thoughts, technological inventions and techniques that can hinder those bing market participant ‘s concern aspirations. The key to success for concerns is to be able to place that competition and to react to it, be able to invariably develop, get and accommodate, i.e evolve harmonizing to the market demand. This has bought frontward the construct of corporate entrepreneurship. The civilization of corporate entrepreneurship has to come from within the direction of administrations. With the intense competition among concerns, the modern-day manner of direction has given to strategic leading. Corporate Entrepreneurship is the civilization of advanced thought from within people in the administration that ensures sustained growing of companies ( Ra y & A ; Ramachandran 1996 ) . The motivation for entrepreneurship comes from the impulse to heighten client satisfaction ( Ramachandran 2003 ) and besides plan better for the hereafter. The motivation for entrepreneurship can besides be a response to the altering market scenarios that concerns face, whether it is from competition from challengers or in the chase of new concern chances. This sort of entrepreneurship was foremost started at Continental AG by Dr Von Grunberg, who fostered the thought of advanced thought among all staff at Continental when he started as the Chairman of the executive board in 1991. This corporate invention bought frontward the thought of profitableness among each concern unit of Continental AG. The company moved from a scheme of enlargement by acquisition to a growing scheme by profitableness. For this sort of advanced thought ( corporate entrepreneurship ) companies need leaders who are able to anticipate alterations, predict and program for the hereafter. This is what is known as strategic leading. Strategic leaders have multiple accomplishments but most of import among them are the interpersonal, conceptual and proficient accomplishments. They are besides adept at pull offing alterations. Under Dr Von Grunberg ‘s strategic leading, the company â€Å" put about implementing a re-orientation of the company ‘s concern † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . He encouraged the thought of entrepreneurship among all concern units of Continental AG and urged the company to â€Å" endeavor for the prima place in engineering † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) as his sharp vision envisaged the spread and chance for the future technological market. He felt that the Sur market was saturated and Continental could hold non survived merely by being a Sur provider entirely. He put frontward a program for future merchandise and procedure inventions towards being a systems supplier by re-structuring the Research and Development division ( R & A ; D ) at Continental AG, it started to demo consequences, Continental AG moved in front from its dark yearss at the beginning of the 1990 ‘s and re-invented itself in the market. Corporate scheme must be in the custodies of strong leaders in the company and their strategic thought drives a company frontward. Strategic leading is non merely concerned with giving way to present schemes but besides future schemes for the company and programs in topographic point for those schemes. Strategic leading besides motivates employees by giving them the right way in front and fixing them better for the hereafter. 1b ) The 1990 ‘s saw a serious recession in Europe and the universe tyre industry was besides hit by this recession. Vehicle enrollment declined and the market shrunk. Continental was faced with bead in net incomes, units running on losingss and the coup d'etat command of Pirelli. This prompted a strategic alteration in its external and internal policies. Before looking into Continental ‘s strategic alteration, the factors responsible for those strategic alterations in Continental ‘s policy demand to be looked at and is discussed in the nest paragraph. In malice of the hard times talked about in the earlier paragraph, Continental pursued growing scheme and as a consequence suffered immense losingss ( 65 million euro in 1991 ) ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . Pirelli, a rival of Continental at that clip wanted to try a coup d'etat of Continental which was non successful and at the terminal it was settled with Pirelli controlled block of portions being transferred to a bank pool and the going of Executive board president Horst W. Urban on May 10, 1991. Continental was besides confronting troubles incorporating the companies/tire trade names like Uniroyal, Semperit, General Tire etc acquired as portion of its growing scheme. â€Å" There were besides hapless net incomes in a figure of corporate divisions † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001, p740 ) . The company construction of Continental was bureaucratic and centralistic ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . The corporate construction was managing â€Å" functional duties † alternatively of being market and client oriented. Most of the direction were involved largely in transporting out administrative responsibilities and lacked entrepreneurial skills/energy and strategic leading and that besides came down to the employees. To prolong in the extremely competitory market, Continental needed strategic alteration and those strategic alterations implemented by Continental are discussed in the following paragraph. More importance to profitableness and invention Continental shifted its focal point from being growing by acquisitions to more on stabilising the company ‘s profitableness and invention and no farther acquisitions. The inventions, Continental stressed would be achieved by the company through its ain entrepreneurial forces ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . Dr Von Grunberg presented a 10 point plan which was designed to put more accent on company directors holding a clear net income orientation and besides be a leader in inventions and engineering. Restructuring the functional orientation in the tyre country Functional restructuring for the tyre country in 1992 saw the old â€Å" board countries of ‘Tire production ‘ and ‘Marketing/Sales ‘ responsible for auto and truck tyres † being dissolved and replaced by merchandise driven â€Å" board degree divisions of ‘Passenger Tires ‘ and ‘Commercial Vehicle Tires/Environment/Research ‘ . Net income orientation of service maps The demand for profitableness besides applied to serve maps like Information engineering. Continental AG outsourced its IT functions to another company which was jointly run by IBM and Continental. Marketing administration of auto tyre division Continental AG acquired a figure of trade names in the 1980 ‘s like Uniroyal, Semperit, General Tire, Viking etc. Their profitableness was looked after by a separate direction squad. One of the major jobs these trade names were confronting was that they were seemingly aiming the same clients and in fact seemed like each other ‘s rivals. Continental AG realised that and adopted a stance of market orientation, a displacement from trade name orientation at the terminal of 1993. Managers were given much more authorization in their parts and they were made â€Å" accountable for the consequences † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . They were besides given clip and infinite in covering with clients and understanding their demands. Cardinal coordination of decentral activities Even though decentralization of the assorted units/activities were pursued, cardinal functional countries like control, finance, engineering, buying â€Å" were retained as cardinal units † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . Dr new wave Grunberg â€Å" continued to exercise direct influence † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) peculiarly in affairs of investing.2a ) How Continental fostered strategic invention ( use Porter ‘s value concatenation understanding )Any company who is looking to last in the long tally in the market must be able to rethink and reinvent its planning procedure in order to keep sustainable competitory advantage in the market. Whether it be through distributing the civilization of corporate entrepreneurship among direction and staff, through advancing strategic leading or through furthering strategic inventions. Inventions are portion of nucleus competences of houses and are indispensable for competitory advantage ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . A careful analysis of Porter ‘s value concatenation ( a utile tool to analyze a house ‘s nucleus competences ) would uncover two really of import facts. The activities in which a house can prosecute competitory advantage can be either by making a superior cost advantage by which it offers the market and its clients a existent value for money or by distinguishing its constituents, merchandises and services from its rivals. Continental was faced with tough times at the beginning of the 1990 ‘s with the economic recession and its failure to react to altering times by redesigning its schemes and policies. However with Dr. Von Grunberg as the president of the executive board it identified the countries to turn to as respects to company schemes and focussed on furthering strategic invention civilization in the company with respects to core competences of distinguishing its constituents, merchandises and services from its rivals. Initial scheme of Continental after the assignment of Dr Von Grunberg in early 1991 ( as the Chairman of the Executive Board ) was to concentrate on the entrepreneurial strength and invention potency of its staff and directors. However that scheme changed with clip, â€Å" following the acquisition of Teves, ITT industries brake and chassis operations in 1998 † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) when Continental went â€Å" beyond its ain operations into the value ironss of providers † ( Kotler 2003 ) in chase of systems supplier position ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . Through endeavoring for technological promotion Continental was looking to distinguish itself from its rivals and one facet which Dr Von Grunberg felt that the company could do a difference is in the promotion on the technological forepart. He urged for invention from single employees from every individual section of the company. The attempts bore fruit and resulted in a new tyre line, Eco-contact in 1992 and development of a one phase Sur edifice machine in 1994 ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . Continental invested to a great extent in Research and Development ( R & A ; D ) even during the crisis ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) and focussed on merchandise and procedure inventions ( instance analyze 7 ) within the tyre industry. A new engineering Centre was built up in Hannover, Germany. â€Å" The R & A ; D resources from Semperit and Uniroyal were all brought together in Hannover † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001, p744 ) . Therefore more than 1000 applied scientists and technicians were working together in presenting â€Å" market orientated inventions for car/truck tyres and automotive systems † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001, p744 ) . There were besides â€Å" research-development-engineering ( RDE ) meetings † where the research workers were confronted â€Å" with the demands of directors from market and client units to further new concern thoughts † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . Towards a systems provider for automotive industry Continental AG and its direction under the leading of Dr Von Grunberg in the 1990 ‘s realised that providers of complete systems ( alternatively of tyres or constituents merely ) will play the dominant function in the automotive industry of the hereafter ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . The provider market of constituents and tyres was shriveling at that clip. It was at that clip that Continental realised that it could long longer remain as a direct provider of production of tyres merely. It needed to â€Å" integrate proficient human body constituents to organize complete systems to provide to the automotive industry † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001, p745 ) and the acquisition of Teves â€Å" to make a superior value bringing web † ( Kotler book, p71 ) Formation of a separate board country Automotive systems The board of Continental AG founded a separate board country in 1994 called the ‘Automotive Systems ‘ headed by Albert Beller, a former director at ITT Industries who had extended experience in the human body concern ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . From production of 10000 tyres in 1994 in a affair of two old ages production increased to three million tyres ( 3 million ) . There were besides developments of series of advanced merchandise thoughts for the human body that came along during this clip, viz. TPMS, CECC, CASS, SWT merely to call a few ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . These developments of advanced merchandise thoughts formed the footing for future value add-on and growing2b ) Compare and contrast Corporate administration and corporate societal duty patterns at Continental AG and Goodyear tyreCorporate administration at Continental AGCorporate administration is the manner a corporate is governed, the set of regulations, policies and processes that dictate the manner a comp any is administered or run ( University of Sunderland Handbook 2004 ) . Continental AG follows certain corporate guidelines, administration and codification of behavior which make up the Corporate administration patterns at Continental AG in conformity with subdivision 161 of the German Stock Corporation Act ( AktG ) . The Continental AG Executive board is in duty for the direction of the company as a whole. The executive board is formed of members who portion the assorted duties. The caput of the executive board is the Chairman of the Executive board and is responsible for giving the company the way it needs, including concern policy and overall direction ( www.conti-online.com ) . The Supervisory board is responsible for naming the Executive board and besides supervises and advises the Executive board. The supervisory board is besides represented by a Chairman who along with the president of the executive board discusses the company ‘s scheme and growing. The corporate administration patterns since 1990 ‘s under the able stewardship of Dr Von Grunberg disintegrated the centralized construction of operation of Continental AG and made concern units and concern directors more accountable to the net incomes and losingss sing their units. This developed more transparence in operation at Co ntinental AG. The Corporate Guidelines of Continental AG was reflected in the new Continental policy, the BASICS, the Continental AG corporate guidelines. It has reflected the vision, overall focal point by value creative activity ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) , concentrate on stakeholders, merchandises and services, corporate spirit, values and self-image of the Corporation since 1989. Code of Conduct of Continental AG Continental AG introduced a Worldwide Code of Conduct in 1996 that describes the basic values and rules which are adhering for all Continental employees during their mundane work and when covering with co-workers, clients and other company stakeholders ( www.continental-corporation.com ) . This was to further a long term successful relation with company stakeholders and clients.Corporate Social Responsibility patterns at Continental AGContinental AG understands the fact that a company ‘s success is non merely defined by its growing and profitableness but it besides defined by its societal duty, its lovingness for the society and the universe in general. Continental AG is committed towards sustained societal duty, called the Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) ( www.cont-online.com ) . Continental takes into history environmental and societal facets into history in planing its merchandises and makes certain that its merchandises guarantee safety and convenience in route traf fic ( www.continental-corporation.com ) . The company is committed towards handling its staff in a responsible mode, guaranting they are happy, in good wellness and can keep a balance between personal and professional life. The company besides offers farther making and preparation and development chances for its staff. Continental AG besides supports and promotes resource salvaging merchandises to do certain that the environment is looked after.Continental AG works with the wider societal community in back uping programmes and undertakings on instruction, public assistance and athleticss ( www.cont-online.com ) . Continental AG follows the model of International Global Reporting Initiative ( GRI ) guideline in pulling up its Corporate Social Responsibility Report.Goodyear Corporate administration patternsGoodyear has a corporate administration commission to supervise all corporate administration activities. The commission consist of three or more managers appointed by the Board of Directors ( www.goodyear.com/corporate ) . The commission listens to stockholders suggestions for board members and besides reappraisals and assesses the corporate administration guidelines to do recommendations to the Board. Goodyear ‘s corporate administration patterns has led to innovative thought, merchandise optimisation and optimisation of client satisfaction and is apparent in its new policy of seven strategic drivers ( leading, concentrate on hard currency, low cost construction, leveraged distribution, constructing trade name strength, merchandise leading and advantage supply concatenation ) to better integrate and organize the concern activities so that they are more net income oriented, concentrate more on presenting client satisfaction, focal point on clients appeal on Goodyear ‘s cardinal trade names and better co-ordination with the supply concatenation for streamlined telling procedure concentrating on client and low operating cost ( www.goodyear.com/corporate ) ..Corporate Social Responsibility patterns at GoodyearGoodyear tyre is committed towards the society at big and besides the environment. Goodyear realises that to be a universe participant it must pay same attending to the environment as it pays to success and net incomes. Goodyear follows all relevant environmental wellness and safety guidelines non merely in relation to its workers but besides maintaining in head the planetary society and community in the topographic point in which it operates. The committedness to zero waste landfill in 2006 all was implemented to extinguish all waste from landfills ( www. goodyear.com/corporate ) . Initiative was besides taken for the decrease in the the usage of dissolvers, advancing energy efficiency and commanding wastage of H2O. Goodyear undergoes legion plants all over the universe affecting immature kids, adult females, backward communities to aware them of the dangers in route traffic and the safety measures that will do this universe a better and healthier topographic point to populate in. Some of the enterprises are adult females with thrust, trial coin kits, Nelson Mandela Business alliance to back up the HIV/AIDS people in Africa, kid safety place programme. In decision the corporate societal duty patterns at Continental are more concentrated towards safety and good being of its employees and the society at big, while the corporate societal activities of Goodyear tyres are more focused on the wellness and safety policy and advancing safety to the society at big. 3a ) The construction at Continental AG was extremely centralized and bureaucratic before 1992. This sort of stiff construction made Continental AG concentrate more on functional duties and as a consequence distanced itself from the market and its clients. This sort of construction did non let the chance to look into the wellness of the single units in the company and as a consequence it was hard to happen out or track the beginnings and grounds behind losingss and besides to keep person accountable for the losingss. However the restructuring of the functional construction in 1992 saw the board countries of ‘Production Tires ‘ and ‘Marketing Gross saless ‘ existent in the functional construction in 1991 being dissolved into ‘Passenger Tires ‘ and ‘Commercial Vehicle Tires/Environment/Research ‘ . Alternatively of giving separate duty to a selling team/department/unit, the new construction allowed both divisions to look into their produc tion and besides selling duties. The directors were responsible for reasonably much everything for their divisions and they were given far more freedom and liberty to show them and were responsible for the profit/losses. This fostered the civilization of invention and new thoughts non merely among directors, but besides the directors and the board encouraged entrepreneurial energy among staff. The concatenation of bid was much clearer ( organizational construction ) and this transparence made it possible to put targets/profit demands on top direction in those divisions. In 1996 â€Å" the organisational split up of the rider tyre division into the extremely profitable replacing concern unit and loss devising original equipment concern † made it possible to place the loss doing country from the net income devising country. The loss doing original equipment concern was brought back to gain doing under the leading of Dr. Kessel, who besides promoted the entrepreneurship among al l degrees of the company. But this organizational shingle up was of import as the company was able to work individually on that peculiar country and by 1997 it paid dividends. From 1992 onwards the direction at Continental AG felt that with the shrinkage of provider market in tyres and constituents, it could long longer remain as a direct provider of production of tyres merely, the automotive industry market was traveling more towards â€Å" providers of complete systems † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . It needed to â€Å" integrate proficient human body constituents to organize complete systems to provide to the automotive industry † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001, p745 ) and the acquisition of Teves â€Å" to make a superior value bringing web † ( Kotler book, p71 ) . The board of Continental AG founded a separate board country in 1994 called the ‘Automotive Systems ‘ headed by Albert Beller, a former director at ITT Industries who had extended experience in the human body concern ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . The formation of a separate section ‘Continental Automotive systems ‘ in the corporate construction put greater acce nt on supply of complete systems and led to the development of advanced thoughts and entrepreneurial accomplishments for merchandises like TMPS, CECC, CASS, SWT etc. 3b ) Dr Stephen Kessel assumed the board chairmanship on June 1, 1999. He knew that it was a difficult occupation following in the footfalls of Dr. Von Grunberg, who was enormously successful in maneuvering Continental from its dip in the early 1990 ‘s and turn it into a net income devising company with an entrepreneurial mentality ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . The major challenge for Dr. Kessel was keeping the corporate place of Continental and besides to keep the entrepreneurial energy among employees at Continental. He introduced a new policy known as BASICS which is creative activity of value that benefits all stakeholders with a clear vision and overall focal point ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . Dr Kessel initiated a â€Å" company-wide balanced scorecard procedure for the intent of set uping certain guidelines within Continental † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001, p752 ) . In this he involved every individual section and devised a balanced scorecard for every individual concern uni t, which was to be reviewed yearly. â€Å" This provided a better handling of the corporate divisions utilizing fewer public presentation figures † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . Dr Kessel besides played a important function in procuring Continental AG ‘s technological border on competition and taking place in footings of technological invention with the â€Å" freshly founded Strategic Technology unit join forcesing tyres, human body, brakes and proficient merchandises determining company ‘s re-orientation to a systems provider † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001, p752 ) . He was besides instrumental in acquiring the â€Å" original equipment concern unit † back to gain doing with entrepreneurial activities and â€Å" acceptance of a strategic policy † of non clasping under the â€Å" automotive industry ‘s pricing policy † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001, p753 ) .

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Essays (4945 words) - Computing

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Essays (4945 words) - Computing MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT ( MGT 6255 ) CASE STUDY ON MISSED OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE FOLLOWING ORGANIZATIONS: MICROSOFT, DELL, INTEL, ATT, AND VIRGIN AMERICA AIRLINE Report prepared by: Abdulla Abdulqader Al- Attas (G1430873) Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u HYPERLINK \l "_Toc446759270" 1.Microsoft Corporation PAGEREF _Toc446759270 \h 3 1.1.What opportunities Microsoft missed or what did Microsoft do wrong? PAGEREF _Toc446759271 \h 3 1.2.What Microsoft should have done? PAGEREF _Toc446759274 \h 4 2.Dell PAGEREF _Toc446759275 \h 6 2.1.What Opportunities Dell Missed Or What Did Dell Do Wrong? PAGEREF _Toc446759277 \h 6 2.2.What Dell should have done to avoid this crisis? PAGEREF _Toc446759278 \h 7 3.Intel PAGEREF _Toc446759279 \h 9 3.1.What Opportunities Intel Missed Or What Did Intel Do Wrong? PAGEREF _Toc446759281 \h 9 3.2.What Intel should have done to avoid or overcome this crisis? PAGEREF _Toc446759282 \h 10 4.ATT Mobility PAGEREF _Toc446759283 \h 11 4.1.What Opportunities ATT Missed Or What Did ATT Do Wrong? PAGEREF _Toc446759285 \h 11 4.2.What ATT should have done to avoid or overcome this crisis? PAGEREF _Toc446759286 \h 12 5.Virgin America PAGEREF _Toc446759291 \h 13 5.1.What Opportunities Virgin America Missed Or What Did Virgin America Do Wrong? PAGEREF _Toc446759297 \h 13 5.2.What Virgin America should do to avoid or overcome this crisis? PAGEREF _Toc446759299 \h 13 Reference PAGEREF _Toc446759300 \h 15 Microsoft Corporation In 1975, a Harvard drop-out had a vision to see Microsoft operating system software on every personal computer desktop. Today, Microsoft has accumulated an impressive portfolio of resources, alliances, global operations, customers and critics. That made Microsoft being listed in the Fortune 100 and dominated the operating system world and a leader in multiple industries. Microsoft core business is to manufacture, license, and supports software products for computing devices and games solutions. Both Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office Suit are the most profitable products. Since the 1990's, it is the most profitable IT company worldwide with 93,000 employees and supported by a strong partnership with the likes of IBM and HP, to progressively dominated the home computer and enterprise operating system market. Microsoft has also entered the computer hardware market under home entertainment products such as the Xbox 360, TV cable MSNBC. The company's initial public stock offering (IPO) was in 1986; the ensuing rise of the company's stock price has made four billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. While the initial start of Microsoft was impressive, however for the past 10 years it has missed many opportunities to maintain that leadership position, particularly when Bill gates stepped down from being Microsoft CEO and passed the helm to Steve Ballmer. What opportunities Microsoft missed or what did Microsoft do wrong? There are many opportunities that Microsoft has missed, however, we have highlighted the key products that if Microsoft made the right strategy on the products below, those other opportunities would have followed since they can be considered as added value to these key products. Mobile While, Microsoft dominance reached to a level that every screen will flash its logo and virtual desktop on every computer devices. This was mainly contributed by creating a strong partnership with major computer and server makers (hardware maker). That strategy lasted until mobile device started taking customers eyes from computer screens away. Customers have developed a new lifestyle to smartphone devices rather than having 15-inch laptops to access their corporate or personal emails and to do their tasks and it was replaced by a 6-inc device using a single hand. The smartphones threat to the personal computer is growing by about 50 percent annually. Previous Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer had Windows Mobile on the market way back, but it was never a great product. Ballmer also struck a late partnership with Nokia, and the product has some neat advantages but it all smacks of too little, too late. Tablet Before Amazon and Apple introduced (kindle and iPad, respectively), Microsoft introduced to the market e-book software back in 2000. However, the screens during that time were not easy on the eye to read for hours, until Amazon introduced Kindle with a light screen to read e-books. Music One of Microsoft greatest competitors Apple was on the brink of closure until it introduced iTunes and iPod, which was a platform to download legal music and share it. Apple took what they learned from

The Origin of the Modern Calendar in Ancient Egypt

The Origin of the Modern Calendar in Ancient Egypt The way in which we divide the day into hours and minutes, as well as the structure and length of the yearly calendar, owes much to pioneering developments in ancient Egypt. Since Egyptian life and agriculture depended upon the annual flooding of the Nile, it was important to determine when such floods would begin. The early Egyptians noted that the beginning of akhet (inundation) occurred at the heliacal rising of a star they called Serpet (Sirius). It has been calculated that this sidereal year was only 12 minutes longer than the mean tropical year which influenced the flooding, and this produced a difference of only 25 days over the whole of Ancient Egypts recorded history. 3 Egyptian Calendars Ancient Egypt was run according to three different calendars. The first was a lunar calendar based on 12 lunar months, each of which began on the first day in which the old moon crescent was no longer visible in the East at dawn. (This is most unusual since other civilizations of that era are known to have started months with the first setting of the new crescent!) A thirteenth month was intercalated to maintain a link to the heliacal rising of Serpet. This calendar was used for religious festivals. The second calendar, used for administrative purposes, was based on the observation that there was usually 365 days between the heliacal rising of Serpet. This civil calendar was split into twelve months of 30 days with an additional five epagomenal days attached at the end of the year. These additional five days were considered to be unlucky. Although there is no firm archaeological evidence, a detailed back calculation suggests that the Egyptian civil calendar dates back to circa 2900 BCE. This 365-day calendar is also known as a wandering calendar, from the Latin name annus vagus since it slowly gets out of synchronization with the solar year. (Other wandering calendars include the Islamic year.) A third calendar, which dates back at least to the 4th century BCE was used to match the lunar cycle to the civil year. It was based on a period of 25 civil years which was approximately equal 309 lunar months. The Leap Year in Ancient Egypt An attempt to reform the calendar to include a leap year was made at the beginning of the Ptolemaic dynasty (Decree of Canopus, 239 BCE), but the priesthood was too conservative to allow such a change. This pre-dates the Julian reform of 46 BCE which Julius Caesar introduced on the advice of the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenese. Reform did, however, come after the defeat of Cleopatra and Anthony by the Roman General (and soon to be Emperor) Augustus in 31 BCE. In the following year, the Roman senate decreed that the Egyptian calendar should include a leap year, although the actual change to the calendar didnt occur until 23 BCE. Months, Weeks, and Decades The months of the Egyptian civil calendar were further divided into three sections called decades, each of 10 days. The Egyptians noted that the heliacal rising of certain stars, such as Sirius and Orion, matched the first day of the 36 successive decades and called these stars decans. During any one night, a sequence of 12 decans would be seen to rise and was used to count the hours. (This division of the night sky, later adjusted to account for the epagomenal days, had close parallels to the Babylonian zodiac. The signs of the zodiac each accounting for three of the decans. This astrological device was exported to India and then to Medieval Europe via Islam.) Egyptian Clock Time Early man divided the day into temporal hours whose length depended upon the time of year. A summer hour, with the longer period of daylight, would be longer than that of a winter day. It was the Egyptians who first divided the day (and night) into 24 temporal hours. The Egyptians measured time during the day using shadow clocks, precursors to the more recognizable sun dials seen today. Records suggest that early shadow clocks were based on the shadow from a bar crossing four marks, representing hourly periods starting two hours into the day. At midday, when the sun was at its highest, the shadow clock would be reversed and hours counted down to dusk. An improved version using a rod (or gnomon) and which indicates the time according to the length and position of the shadow has survived from the second millennia BCE. Problems with observing the sun and stars may have been the reason the Egyptians invented the water clock, or clepsydra (meaning water thief in Greek). The earliest remaining example survives from the Temple of Karnak is dated to the 15th century BCE. Water drips through a small hole in one container to a lower one. Marks on either container can be used to give a record of hours passed. Some Egyptian clepsydras have several sets of marks to be used at different times of the year, to maintain consistency with the seasonal temporal hours. The design of the clepsydra was later adapted and improved by the Greeks. The Influence of Astronomy on Minutes and Hours As a result of the campaigns of Alexander the Great, a great wealth of knowledge of astronomy was exported from Babylon into India, Persia, the Mediterranean, and Egypt. The great city of Alexandria with its impressive Library, both founded by the Greek-Macedonian family of Ptolemy, served as an academic center. Temporal hours were of little use to astronomers, and around 127 CE Hipparchus of Nicea, working in the great city of Alexandria, proposed dividing the day into 24 equinoctial hours. These equinoctial hours, so called because they are based on the equal length of day and night at the equinox, split the day into equal periods. (Despite his conceptual advance, ordinary people continued to use temporal hours for well over a thousand years: the conversion to equinoctial hours in Europe was made when mechanical, weight driven clocks were developed in the 14th century.) The division of time was further refined by another Alexandrian based philosopher, Claudius Ptolemeus, who divided the equinoctial hour into 60 minutes, inspired by the scale of measurement used in ancient Babylon. Claudius Ptolemaeus also compiled a great catalog of over one thousand stars, in 48 constellations and recorded his concept that the universe revolved around the Earth. Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, it was translated into Arabic (in 827 CE) and later into Latin (in the 12th century CE). These star tables provided the astronomical data used by Gregory XIII for his reform of the Julian calendar in 1582. Sources Richards, EG. Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History. Oxford University Press, 1998.General History of Africa II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa. James Curry Ltd., University of California Press, and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 1990.

Is speed of growth important to facebook's success Essay

Is speed of growth important to facebook's success - Essay Example an Heiliger, vice president of technical operations at Facebook when he spoke to CNET News.coms Dan Farber in an interview on July of 2008 (CNET News.com 2008). Today, the statistic shows 300 million active users whom the 50% of that users are logging on to Facebook at any given day (http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics). What makes this social networking site so cool and engaging? What makes it so different from any other sites that has the same platform? What are the factors of its success? If speed of growth is the major factor of the Facebook’s success, there must be reasons then that this speedy growth is taking place. 1. User friendly interface – compared to other social networking media, Facefook is so much easier to use. According to Regnard Raquendan, (web and usability consultant), the key that holds the success of Facebook is its usability (http://webstandards.raquedan.com/?p=251). Its applications are very easy to learn, no wonder even older people find it easy to use. Its efficiency is quite remarkable; it performs actions fast, from friend recommendations to displaying of mutual friends. Its graphic design and layout is consistent. People are satisfied with its simplicity (Rquendan, 2008). 2. Strong links – in the world of technology, strong links means the capability to connect with other people and institutions easily or effortlessly. Strong links allow people to have direct communication with other people. In social point of view, these strong links are equivalent to families, close friends and colleagues. Weak links namely friends of friends, acquaintances, co-church members, and many others like these are also social links no matter what. In connection with Facebook, it is this power to connect people is the one that contributes to its success. It can easily link people together, and those who are not close to each other have now the opportunity to know each other better, and become true friends. It has the ability to

Book review,William Shawcross,Deliver Us From Evil Essay

Book review,William Shawcross,Deliver Us From Evil - Essay Example Unlimited powers, aided by astonishing schineitif and technological achievements have rendered the task or peace more difficult. A small mistake by the decision making authority could result in enormous losses to humanity. The war of push-buttons is unimaginably calamitous than the war of weapons that were used by the war-machine during the I and II World Wars. William Showcross shows the great duress under which Kofi Annan functioned. Failure of men like Kofi Annan is the failure of UN, as Showcross puts it succinctly. The purpose of the book, broadly speaking, is to highlight why UN fails in its avowed objectives of establishing peace in the troubled regions. For example, about Iraq, he writes, when United States and Britain did bombings for four days, in 1998, Annan made a short statement, â€Å"This is a sad day for the United Nations, and for the world—it is also a very sad day for me personally.†(Showcross, p. 33) Showcross has highlighted in the book, how the Secretary General, has to work under very difficult circumstances, will be squarely blamed by the suffering people, for allegedly taking sides with the super powers like USA, UK and USSR. Another war will result in total destruction of the world. But regional conflicts are on the rise, threaten world peace, and the unexpected conflagrations can not be ruled out. T herefore, the legal arguments for humanitarian intervention, is necessitated and the world leaders have no other option but to pursue it vigorously. The book highlights the lack of international intelligence system to facilitate the global converge and public education required to mobilize and sustain multi-national peacekeeping operations. From the financial perspective, UN peace keeping operations depend upon the funding by the contributing nations. Whether they will provide the incremental assistance required during the big peace-keeping operations

Artists and Repertoire (A+R) in the Music Industry Essay

Artists and Repertoire (A+R) in the Music Industry - Essay Example 2006). The A&R is the department of a record label that undertakes talent scouting and manages the artistic development of recording artists. In essence, it acts as the link between the artists and the record label. Therefore, the A&R department plays a major role in discovering new recording artists and recruiting them to the company, through understanding of the current market preferences and tastes, and selecting the artists who will be commercially successful. For A+R staff to carryout the task of recruiting commercially viable new artists, they should first understand the specific ways in which musical production is shaped by a particular genre of cultures and the broader historical and social context within which the production takes place (Negus, 1999, P.13). Generally, in the music industry, the A&R staffs are seen as mediators or intermediaries. According to Negus, Music industry personnel act as mediators, continually connecting artists and audiences; the music business sta ff works as intermediaries, not only during the most obvious marketing and during promotion activities, but also when introducing the idea of an imagined audience into the writing, producing and recording of songs in the studio, stressing that they are engaged in presentation and representation providing symbolic goods and services (Negus, 1999, P.18). More so, apart from singing bands to record labels, the A&R staff is mostly obsessed with music and is in touch with particular music scenes, is very influential, and is widely viewed as important ingredient to a successful record label (Carter, Clegg, Kornberger, & Schweitzer, 2011, P.389). The A&R staffs are the key for the established corporate label in creating music scenes (informal assemblages) which become imbedded in the music industry mostly for promotional purposes (Bennett & Peterson, 2004, P.4). The roles of A&R staff vary depending on the designation, ranging from artist manager, music lawyer, music accountant, booking ag ent, music merchandiser, promoter, venue booker; and other titles depending on the label. Mostly, the A&R staffs are recruited based on their skills rather than on formal qualifications, with experience and backgrounds such as artist management, production, and DJing being an added advantage (Hannan, 2003, P.158). Another major duty of A&R staff is to help the artist locate the suitable producer, prepare recording schedule in the recording studio and offer advice to the artist on the best ways to improve the quality of their recording. They are therefore involved in helping an artist choose the best songs to record, and are very vital in finding songs and songwriters. Additionally, most of A&R staffs are expected to be talented in arts and music in order to accomplish varied roles involved in this field. For example, take the famous artist, composer, producer, and music reviewer, Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno, who began exploiting his career early in life through composing music, perfo rmance reviews, reviews of published music, and was an advocate of the avant-garde music (Adorno, Leppert, & Gillespie, 2002, P.14). Lastly, the A&R will involve liaising with other department such marketing in assisting the artist to market the released record. To sum the work of A&R staff the appreciation of the artist’s work must be spread from the record company to radio programmer, and

Gender Differences in Advertising Language

Gender Differences in Advertising Language In this modern life, advertisements appear widely not only in shops and stores, in leaflets and brochures, on newspapers and magazines but also on high-tech media like radios, televisions and the Internet. They appear in different forms: texts, images, audio files or an integrated form of all: video/animated files. However different they are, they are designed with only one intention. That is to make more profit by bringing the products to groups of potential customers. To fulfill that intention effectively, they characterize the potential customers of each product or service and design personalized advertisements (2008 Choicestream Personalization Survey) that target to certain potential groups of customers. Thus, in the advertising market, some products have more than one advertisement which target at different groups: one may target at the old while another may target at the young; or one may target at the rich while another may target at the working class. Clear Shampoo is one obvious example in Vietnam. The product has seven advertisements on television and the Internet. They seem to target at different viewers of different genders and have several other aspects such as models, images, languages and advertising techniques. This essay focuses on one of those aspects, the language, and aims to find the answers for two following questions: Is the language used by male models/voiceovers different from that used by female models/voiceovers? Is the language used by models/voiceovers of different genders strongly associated with the target viewers? 2. Theoretical background 2.1. Advertising Nowadays, businesses and manufacturers are actually aware of the great importance of advertising their products or services since a successful advertisement can bring them great profits whereas an unfortunate commercial can lead them to bankruptcy (Sadek-Endrawes, 2008). According to adcracker.com, a website for tips, tools and techniques to create world-class advertising ideas, businesses and manufactures try their best to find ways to design the best advertisements for their products and services to attract attention, engage minds, trigger emotions and change what people think. Among techniques used are special metaphors (a symbolic representation for the product), promises of benefit or problem solving, offers of free samples, features of human-like and life-like, features of eye candy, etc. Writers from adcracker.com also believe that it might be useful to choose or create their own characters who are put in some special situations, for example conflicts, which can be exaggerated . But the most and foremost important techniques that all advertisement designers need to know are the techniques of choosing the target viewers and language wisely and correspondingly. That is the reason why there are sometimes more than one advertisements designed for only one single product. 2.1.1. Language use as a powerful advertising technique Language plays a vital role in the society in general and in everyones life in particular. We use language of all kinds every day, if it is not to say, every moment to communicate with other people, to get ourselves and our own opinions expressed and vice versa to get the same things from others (Gyllgard, 2006). Mastering that communicative power of language, sensible advertisers try to utilize language as a powerful tool to influence the viewers. More specifically, they often try to use language distinctively in order to catch viewers attention (adcracker.com). For example, they sometimes play with words, use them out of context, and create new ones in order to help viewers remember a certain brand. Sometimes, those words become the slogan for the brand like Moving Forward for Toyota cars or Malaysia Truly Asia for Tourism in Malaysia. The designers of advertisements also pay attention to speech accommodation (Giles Coupland, 1991) and adjust the speech styles of models and voiceovers in order to fulfill their advertising intentions, especially the intention of attracting the attention of specific groups of viewers. A study of a group of students from Mount Holyoke College (Alfaro et al.) finds that the advertisement is much more effective when the gender of models/ voiceovers and the targeted gender are matched. Language in advertisements is also internationalized (Sadek-Endrawes, 2008), which is expected to be beneficial in order to create the same response from viewers of different countries in case the product comes into the global market. 2.1.2. Focus on target viewers Most advertisers know that advertising techniques have persuasive energy and that the strength of such persuasive energy is measured in several ways, but most importantly in relation to a target audience (adkracker.com). It is explained by adcracker.com that different target audience have different lifestyles, different attitudes, different feelings and emotions, which consequently results in different behaviors. Thus, successful advertisers often attempt to build adverts that can get people to take action or plant a belief in the minds of their prospective buyers by closely associating their adverts with the targeted viewers. This is also supported by the 2008 Personalization Survey of Choicestream, an independent research firm providing recommendation service for the worlds largest retailers and entertainment brands including Yahoo!, ATT, Tesco, Overstock.com, etc. In the survey, they noted that those who spend the most money and shop most frequently are more likely to click on per sonalized ads than non-personalized ads. In fact, 39% of them are more willing to click on a personalized advertisement. 2.2. Gender difference Men and women are different in various aspects which can mainly be categorized into biological and social factors. Consequently, different terms are coined to show such differences, for example sex and gender. Sex is defined by Eckert and McConnell-Ginnet (2003:10) as a biological categorization which is based primarily on reproductive potential and gender is the social elaboration of biological sex. This means that sex is something fixed by birth (Thomas, 2004) and gender is something that the social life shapes on us continuously in every pace of our life (Graddol and Swann, 1994:8). It is believed that gender has a major influence on language use through the process of socialization (Tannen 1993:84). As afore-mentioned, language is an important part of an individuals life which helps to form his/ her social identity (Gyllgard, 2006:1) by their different linguistic habits which reflect different individual biographies and experiences (Graddol and Swann, 1994:5). Coates (1993:144) also claims that when children adopt linguistic behavior considered appropriate to their gender they perpetuate the social order which creates gender distinctions This means that language is among the most significant factors, bedsides social roles and social positions, that make distinctions between men and women. Actually, it is observed that men and women use language differently in a gender-appropriate manner (Tannen, 1993:85) since they are small. In the following part of the paper, the use of language by different genders will be discussed in three main aspects: (1) topic choices, (2) word choices and (3) manner of speaking. Topic choices In terms of topic choices, men are believed to talk more about sports or other physical activities when they are small (Poynton, 1989) and about current concerns, about their strength and their dominance (Coulmas, 2005) when they grow up. Meanwhile, women are believed to spend time talking more about home activities, romance and fantasy worlds. Later in their life, they are considered to choose to talk about nonsense and unimportant personal topics (Gyllgard, 2006). Consequently, mens language is often considered as serious and important while womens is seen as trivial and easy to ignore (Coates, 1993). Word choices It is believed that women seem to be more careful about choosing words than men. It is explained that this results from the different roles of the two genders in the society. Women are considered to have their first and foremost roles as caring the families and bringing up children. Consequently, they need to be careful with the words they use or otherwise they may set bad examples for their children. Also regarding word choices, in their works, Poyton (1989) and Eckert McConnell-Ginet (2003) find that women use more intensifies (such as so and very), words of approximation (such as about and around), or inessential qualifiers (like really or so) than men. Women are also claimed to use more adjectives (including empty adjectives like cute and evaluative adjectives like wonderful) and adverbs. Furthermore, hedges and tag questions are found more in womens language than in mens in order to require confirmation or signal uncertainty respectively (Lakoff, 1989). Manner of speaking With the same reasons of different social roles, in terms of manner of speaking, women are found more polite in speaking and men are found to create and use more taboo language like slang or swear words (Poyton, 1989). Lakoff (1989) also agrees with this by giving an example that women choose to use weaker expletives like oh dear or goodness instead of words like shit or damn. Meanwhile, Coates (1993) believes that the language used by women is collaboration-oriented with supportive comments to create and maintain relationship of closeness and equality while that used by men is competition-oriented in order to assert their positions of dominance. 3. Methodology and Data This study focuses on the difference between the languages used by male and female models in different advertisements for the same product, namely Clear Shampoo, one kind of shampoo used in Vietnam. It will test whether the difference in language used by male and female models and voiceovers is associated with the difference in genders of the target viewers and how they are associated. First of all, English versions of seven Clear Shampoo advertisements are selected to be the data for analyzing. Those advertisements are chosen for several reasons. Firstly, shampoo is now an essential cosmetic product that people, regardless of their age, their social or financial status and certainly their gender, have to use in their daily life. Thus, it is worthwhile to investigate the advertisements of such product. Secondly, it is found that there are several different advertisements of Clear Shampoo on television as well as on Youtube at the same time and it is presumed by the author that it may result from the advertisers purpose of targeting viewers of different genders. Consequently, with the help of Google search and Youtube website, seven advertisements of Clear Shampoo are collected and transcribed in the appendices of this essay for being analyzed to answer the first research question. Differences among those advertisements will then be figured out by checking the above -mentioned theory and later used to group the seven advertisements into 3 groups: for men, for women and for both men and women. The second question is answered by analyzing the interviews with 20 viewers of both genders who are non-native speakers of English but gain sufficient proficiency to understand the advertisements. Actually, they are Vietnamese teachers of English who are now teaching English at College of Technology and students of some M.A. programs for English Linguistics or English Teaching Methodology. The procedure includes two small sections. Firstly, the viewers are given the transcriptions of the advertisements and asked two following questions: Who does each advertisement target, men or women? How do you know who the advertisement target at? After that, they are asked to watch the seven advertisements and answer the two questions again. 4. Data analysis and results 4.1 Advertisement analysis and results Based on the theoretical background and seven advertisements of Clear Shampoo, the following results on gender differences in language use are obtained and grouped in three major aspects: (1) choice of topic, (2) choice of word and (3) manner of speaking. 4.1.1. Choice of topic It is revealed by the advertisement analysis that male models talk about their confidence and show their strength as well as their dominance to others by facing the problems: Black is confident. Confidence means no dandruff. (Appendix 1) Face it. Cover it. I deal with dandruff like man. (Appendix 4) or Rage. Rage against her breath of fear. (Appendix 5) Meanwhile, female models talk about beauty as in: some beauty shampoos (Appendix 3) about their daily activities such as combing in appendix 3 or about their emotion and their perception as in: I love my hair. Im convinced. (Appendix 2) Convinced. I am. (Appendix 3) They also mention one fact that they often try to avoid the troubles they encounter: Hide itCover itI keep it secret as any woman should. (Appendix 4) 4.1.2. Choice of words Verb choice As male models choose to talk about their confidence, their strength as well as their dominance, they use words that help to express perfectly what they mean. Actually, they use strong verbs as breath, move and sweat in Appendix 1 or face, solve, and deal with in appendix 4 or verbs that show their activeness as in I trust Clear. (Appendix 1) The verbs spoken by male voiceovers also have the same feature: remove and prevent the dandruff (appendix 5), or make the dandruff go away and stay away (appendix 7) so that its all settled (appendix 4). All those verbs bring to the audience the active position of the speakers, and thus, reveal their dominant positions. On the other hand, the verbs used by female models are quite different since they seem to display the defensive positions of the women Im convinced. (Appendix 2) Convinced. I am. (Appendix 3) or their solutions of avoiding dandruff by hiding it, covering it or keeping it secret (appendix 4). Adjective choice As their concerns are different, female and male models choose different adjectives when they speak about their hair. For example, most male models and voiceovers use black to talk about their hair or the hair they want to have: I like black. Black is confident. Black looks good. (Appendix 1) From black into darkness and into the dark, the icy blackness follows. (Appendix 5) the seduction of black, the temptation of black. Its the closeness of black that you can only have (Appendix 6) At the same time, female models talk about the features of soft, clean and beautiful which are just suitable to describe female hair. Clear makes my hair soft and beautiful. Just soft hair. (Appendix 2) Can your shampoo leave your hair soft and clean Clear takes it soft. Just soft hair. (Appendix 3) 4.1.3. Manner of speaking As can be seen from the seven advertisements, female models talk with a collaborative orientation. They talk as if they want to share their experience with the audience whereas male models and voiceovers try to assert their positions of dominance by a competitive orientation. They talk about their dealing with dandruff (appendix 4), the collision of sparks and dandruff (appendix 5), their black seduction and temptation when they are dandruff free (appendix 6). The tendency of dominance is also expressed by their short imperative sentences which can be found more frequently in male models or voiceovers speech: Face it Solve it (Appendix 4) Rage, rage against her breath of fear. (Appendix 5) Make the season more seductive. Make it a Clear Black Valentines. Be board. Be Black. Move closer anytime. Have Clear Black Valentines. (Appendix 6) The first advertisement in Appendix 1 with the male model also offers another feature of male speech. That is the logic in thinking and speaking: Black is confident. Black looks good. Looking good means no dandruff. Confidence means no dandruff. Clear means no dandruff. With his logical speech, the male model tries to convince the audience the close relationship among Clear, black, confident and looking good. 4.2 Interview analysis and results The results of the interviews reveal that it is not language but mainly the models, the images in the advertisements that inform the interviewees about the target viewers of the advertisements. In fact, after looking at the transcription of the seven advertisements, most of them (16 out of 20) hardly say who the advertisements target at. The other four guess the target viewers based on the name of the models (Rain in Appendix 1 or Nicole in Appendix 2) or the name of the products (Clear Men in Appendix 4 or Clear Black Valentines in Appendix 6). However, they can easily answer the two questions after watching the video files and confirm that the language does not get much of their attention but the rhythm of the speech does have some effects on their viewing. This might lead to a conclusion that language does not play an important role in revealing the target viewers of advertisements. 5. Conclusion The results of two analyses reveal the answers for both research questions. Firstly, the analysis of the advertisements answers the first question about the relationship between the language and the gender of speakers. In fact, it confirms the theory of gender language. According to the analysis, the language used models/voiceovers of different gender are not the same even though they are not the language that they say in the real life but what they are told to say by the advertisement designers or directors. The differences mainly lie in the choice of topics, choice of words and the manner of speaking. Secondly, the analysis of the interviews with 20 non-native English speakers answers the second question about the relationship between the language and the target viewers of the advertisements. The result reveals that language does not have a strong link with the target viewers since most of the interviewees cannot say exactly the target viewers of the advertisements if they only look at the transcriptions of the ads. Although the research has found answers for both research questions, there are still many drawbacks that should be improved. First of all, it is realized that just one or two typical advertisements should be selected in stead of seven so that the analysis could be more thorough and focused. Secondly, the interviews should be recorded by means of multi-media in stead of just recorded by note-taking since it can provide much more information and can be referred back easily. References 2008 Choicestream Personalization Survey. Choicestream. 29 October 2009 Advertising techniques Dos and Donts and Simple Tips from Years of Learning. Buzz Marketing. 29 October 2009. Alfaro, M.W. et al. The effect of voice-over gender and targeted gender of product on television commercial effectiveness. 12 December 2009 Creative and Effective Advertising Techniques. AdCracker. 29 October 2009 Coates, J. 1993. Women, Men and Language. London: Longman. Coulmas, F. 2005. Gendered speech: Sex as a factor of linguistic choice. Sociolinguistics. Cambridge. Eckert, P. McConnell-Ginnet, S. 2003. Language and Gender. 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Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. London: Penguin APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: Clear Commercial found on http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLb6o0QV9jo I breath. I move. I sweat. With the world watching. My hair. My clothes. I like black. Black is confident. Black looks good. Looking good means no dandruff. Confidence means no dandruff. Clear means no dandruff. I trust Clear. Dandruff never comes back. My name is Rain. Clear. No Dandruff. APPENDIX 2 Clear Commercial found on http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGzm2dIjO3I I lived to perform. My song, my dance, my hair. Theres no room for dandruff. Clear makes my hair soft and beautiful. I love my hair. Clear. It works. Im convinced. My name is Nicole. Clear. No Dandruff. Just soft hair. APPENDIX 3 Clear Commercial found on http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5TYOSixnZWwfeature=related Can your shampoo leave your hair soft and clean. That is how combing sounds like with some beauty shampoos. And that is how it sounds like after Clear takes it soft. Convinced. I am. Clear. No Dandruff. Just soft hair. APPENDIX 4: Clear Commercial found on http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rd_LQMSvXJ4 Face it. Hide it. Solve it. Cover it. I deal with dandruff like a man. I keep it secret as any woman should. But either way, we know the answer is clear. I use clear. Clear men for me. It has zinc vitanol, clinically proven effective to remove dandruff and prevent it from coming back. Its all settled then. For us, its only one choice. New clear. No dandruff. APPENDIX 5 Clear Commercial found on http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6WlPhqIyrs From black into darkness, shadows see follicles bent and broke and slivers of sparks as dark and dandruff collide. Rage, rage against her breath of fear! Now frozen, silence marks the danse macabre. And into the dark, the icy blackness follows. APPENDIX 6 Clear Commercial found on http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9tx1JR34lc You never know when youd get stuck by the seduction of black, the temptation of black. Its the closeness of black that you can only have when you are dandruff free. With Clear. Make the season more seductive. Make it a Clear Black Valentines. Be board. Be black. Move closer anytime. Have Clear Black Valentines. With clear. No dandruff.